Smoking tobacco increases the risk for progression of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer by twofold compared with never smoking.
Historically, it was not clear whether smoking promoted the conversion of healthy tissue to inflamed tissue, inflamed tissue to BE, or BE to HGD or cancer. This study has shown for the first time that smoking is a major reason for progression from BE to high-grade dysplasia/cancer.

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